Afrikaner Nationalism Essay

Afrikaner people have, from the initial days felt threatened internal to their borders and externally. Sometimes the threat was real thus existing and other times it was an illusion. The fear of domination rose from the presence of a majority of what they labelled as undeveloped indigenous races all which were non-white (Wilson and Thompson, 365). With this fear rose nationalism. Afrikaner nationalism is a political ideology that was born in the late 19th century around the idea that Afrikaners in South Africa were a chosen people. It was also influenced by anti-British sentiments that grew among Afrikaners especially because of the Boer Wars which did more to unite Afrikanerdom and infuse it with purpose and determination (Wilson and Thompson, 367). The notion that Afrikaners are direct descendants of the Dutch are somewhat distorted. The Afrikaner nationalism places emphasis on the unity of all Afrikaans speaking white people, the Volk (folk – common people), against foreign elements such as blacks, Jews and English speaking South Africans. Another factor that held Afrikaner people together was that of Calvinism. Religion played an instrumental role in the development of nationalism. The Dutch Reformed Churches of South Africa throughout the 18th century were in a battle against modernism and modernity aligning themselves with views that divided the human race broadly into the elect and the rest (Wilson and Thompson, 371). These spheres led to belief that the State is divinely ordained and created and had to be preserved and protected from liberalism and revolutionary ideas (Wilson and Thompson, 372). Anyone seen to indulge in human rationality was seen as challenging God’s authority. This Christian-nationalistic ideology was tailored to fit Nationalist Afrikaner prejudices. In the 19th century Du Toit put forward the notion that Afrikaners were a distinct nationality with a fatherland (South Africa) and their own language (Afrikaans) and that the Volks’ destiny was to rule South Africa. Although there was never really an official relationship between the church and party, the church became in a sense the National  Party at prayer (Wilson and Thompson, 373). Afrikaners could thus refuse a British designed South Africa which they could co exist with other ethnic groups as a minority (Wilson and Thompson, 373-4). To them, as long as Afrikaner existed, as a minority in a racially and culturally different environment, they could not allow the black majority to develop economically or politically because this would lead to black domination. Afrikaner Nationalism had a personalized political philosophy. The Union of South Africa was created in 1910 (Wilson and Thompson, 377) and eight years after the 2nd Boer War, Hertzog broke ties with prime minister then , and formed the National Party in 1914. The media in those days had a party affiliated with it, hence Nationalist minded Afrikaners persuaded Malan to be an editor of their newspaper and thus he left his position as a church minister. A Cape branch of Hertzog’s National Party was founded in 1915 and Malan was elected as its provincial leader, elected to parliament in 1918. The National Party came in power in 1924, and Malan was Minister up until 1933 (Wilson and Thompson, 379). In 1934 the United Party was formed out of a merger between Hertzog’s National Party and rival, Jan Smuts with the South African Party. Malan strongly opposed the merger. He and nineteen other members of parliament formed the Purified National Party which he led for the next fourteen years as opposition. Malan also opposed the participation in WW2 which was already unpopular with the Afrikaner population (and led to the split in governing party) this dramatically increased his popularity and he consequently defeated the United party in 1948 in elections (in which only whites and coloreds could vote) (Wilson and Thompson, 380-7). Malan retired as leader in 1954, and the National Party chose Strydom as successor overriding Malan’s choice of placing Havenga as his successor. Choosing a non-Hertzog path, the National Party chose a path which Afrikaner Nationalism had to follow. Ossewabrandwag movement was formed largely on National Socialist lines which opposed South African entry in WW2 because of South Africa’s fight for independence from British rule. The movement emphasized national unity and was able to integrate a multitude of different nationalist organizations because it lacked a clear ideological profile. Only when leadership began to define ideology and had its own policy from 1941 onwards, did membership decline (Wilson and Thompson, 387). In the end, Malan outmaneuvered the movement and his rallying cry became that of bringing together all who from inner certainty, belong collectively. Nationalism was taken further at elections of 1953, 1958, 1961 and 1966 until Malan’s ideal had been realized (Wilson and Thompson, 388). However, there remained a small hard core Afrikaners who refused to throw their lot with Afrikaner nationalism thus internal political struggles in the disgruntled and essentially impoverished Afrikaner community. The tide however appeared to be flowing in favour of the more enlightened element in the National Party in the late 1960s (Wilson and Thompson, 390). This began the road to South Africa’s eventual isolation from a world that would no longer tolerate any forms of political discrimination or differentiation based on race only. Afrikaner Nationalism’s attitude to sovereign independence falls in two periods namely, the drive to attain dominion status and independence of Sout h Africa within the Commonwealth of Nations (Wilson and Thompson, 390-1). Hertzog led a freedom deputation in France to advocate for an independent reign of South Africa. An outcome for this task was a suggestion by the Federal Council of the Nation Party to recast the agenda of principles of the party in such a way that the sovereignty ideal was undoubtedly formulated. The party used constitutional means to be emancipated and handed rights to make decisions about the future of South Africa (Wilson and Thompson, 391). There was agitation from the Nationalist Party and Hertzog resisted it within ranks for secession from Britain after the First World War. Hertzog then entered into an election agreement with the Labour Party (supported by English speakers) and gave assurance that he would not withdraw from the Commonwealth. On the other hand, the Nationalist Party decided on a change of strategy in an effort to alleviate uncertainties of those South Africans that feared republicanism meant the dismissal of all ties of the Commonwealth (Wilson and Thompson, 393). After WW2, the demand for a return to a Kruger-type republic had been dropped with emphasis placed on South Africa’s relations with the rest of the world. Simultaneously, the internal colour problem had become extraneous in the face of more pressing issues (Wilson and Thompson, 394). Broederbond was a secret, exclusively male and white Protestant organization in South Africa dedicated to the advancement of Afrikaner interests. Their role in Afrikaner Nationalism was never possible to establish with exactness. The work of the  Bond was to maintain the unification of the Afrikaner members, recognising their language and cultural community (Wilson and Thompson, 395). Neither of the two leading Afrikaners of their day, Hertzog or Smuts, was considered eligible for membership of the Broederbond, for their policy of co-operation with the English speaking section of the population was felt to be inimical to the interests of the Afrikaner nation. Hertzog and Smuts had opposing opinions about the aims and activities of the organization. Smuts saw the organisation as a danger to the position of the country and the national policy as it only catered for the interests of a single resident and was not concerned in the interests of other inhabitants and the outcome was for Smuts to forbid any individual to become a member of the organisation. Hertzog was well aware of the scheming of the Broederbond behind the scenes, and in a forceful attack on the organization in a speech at Smithfield he stigmatized them as a grave menace to the rest and peace of our social community, even where it operates in the economic-cultural sphere (Wilson and Thompson, 397-8). Hertzog maintained that the establishment of the Bond organisation was caused by the refusing of the fusion of the National and South African Parties. The Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisation (F.A.K) was established in 1929 on Broedebond initiative which was to exercise an influential positive and creative image which impinged on the political sphere. The educational field was also vital as it was seen as a primary field of work in their attempt to build a nation in order to prevent the de-Afrikanerazation of the young. Division between Afrikaans and English speaking children was to be maintained in their education. An instruction of the mother tongue language secured the goal of the Afrikaner people’s motive to separate the two white groups with different mother tongues (Wilson and Thompson, 398-9). Economically, the F.A.K did significant work before and after WW2. Because of their work, Afrikaner Nationalism had been given further powerful foundation to provide it for the task of governing South Africa as the senior and dominant white partner (Wilson and Thompson, 400). In South Africa race is always equated with the colour of one’s skin. The race policy was implemented by the Afrikaner Nationalism to separate the populations according to their skin colour. The population Registration Act had definitions for each different race groups namely Whites, Coloureds, the Natives and the Indian person. They asserted that language and traditions  are to be in the blood of an individual (Wilson and Thompson, 403). In Nationalism’s black manifesto, Hertzog officially committed South Africa as a white man’s land. When Malan came to power in 1948, he abolished the Natives’ Representative Council claiming that it had become an anti-white forum. A party under chairmanship of Sauer produced a report in time of 1948 election which put in motion the word apartheid (Wilson and Thompson, 406). The application of segregation will furthermore lead to the creation of separate healthy cities for the non-whites where they will be in a position to develop along their own lines, establish their own institutions and later on govern themselves under the guardianship of the whites. Domination in South Africa was the purpose of the Afrikaner Nationalists to secure the safety of the white man. The survival of the white men meant that white men (White Afrikaners and English speaking whites) had to come together in order to fight the threat of the black people. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wilson, M. and Thompson, L. The Oxford History of South Africa. Oxford University Press.

Edward Zwick’s Glory Essay

Edward Zwick’s Glory was powerful film history that popularized a story of the Civil War which was largely unknown. Primarily, this film gave credit to the story of African-American 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry from Robert Gould Shaw’s perspective who was a son of Boston abolitionist. This Hollywood movie depicts the participation of African American soldiers during the American Civil War which gives us some perspective about our history. Synopsis The film was all about the historical views of the Civil war took place in America (IMDb 1990 -2001). Glory† has been entitled to this film because it was a celebration of the African soldiers who courageously stood every challenge although it was not recognized by history due to racism. The heroes who belonged to the 54th Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry were all African-American soldiers. The regiments were headed by the son of an abolitionist named Col. Robert Gould Shaw who took the responsibility of preparing these soldiers for battle. Their race had been a hindrance and this was the reason why these soldiers were denied of every privilege and were given the hardest task although they fought in behalf of their white counterparts. When the day finally arrived to attack Ft. Wagner on July 18, 1863, the Confederates secretly and safely slipped away. Shaw led the 54th to fight for honor in a mission which was led to certain death while carrying the regiments into battle and fight for the honor of the country. This film was a depiction of Northern racism but despite the fact that white people were reluctant to issue proper equipment, paying these black soldiers lesser than whites they still resist their demeaning position in the Union army. The film was all about the former black slaves who bravely fought in order to win the liberty for their enslaved brothers. The film also showed different scenes about the infantry regiments who witnessed the federal service of Union Army during the Civil war. The film was historically accurate in some aspects but some were quite contrasting. Other historical aspects has been bent slightly such as the older depiction of Frederick Douglass in contrast with the historically accurate rendering of uniforms, weaponry and the battle’s opposing lines, the siege of a fortress; The role give to Shaw was also accurate; his acceptance to lead the 54th which was held in the field an not at the ball; Free-born blacks from the North had been drilled in local militaries before they got enlisted; Whipping was really used in Union army as a form of discipline; the 54th was the first black regiment ; Col. James Montgomery was depicted as murderer of racist which distorted the fact that he was supporting John Brown as an abolitionist. Finally, the assault on Fort Wagner was set with the sea on their left though they should be travelling north where the sea must be on their right. As part of our history, the portrayals of the role revealed that people were basically good but also has an evil instinct and this plays an important event towards the modern world which gave us a deeper understanding of why racism started. The film was made in 1980’s and was released in December 1989 in the U.  S. The film was very timely since President Abraham Lincoln has been assassinated in 1985 which gave a great influence in the movie since he was the President during the Civil wars (Swanson; 42). President Lincoln finally helped the black men to secure the final victory after the fort has been abandoned. With this event from the scene, it shows that in our history, the government implemented rules regarding the separation of black people from the white together with all the policies that are given to them whenever they protest or did not follow the rules. The film characters were mostly black people which can be critiqued as one sided view of the film to somehow suit their liberal agenda. Glory brought up some issues during those times such as slavery and sacrifice in order to be considered as men (Clamen, 2009). However, on the other hand, it only focused on one side which created negative rumors about Confederates as faceless enemies. The audience who will see it could create different interpretation about what had happened in the past which could possibly result to a new discussion for debates. Somehow it could be diverted to issue in our present world that’s why, the director should be careful about it. The movie wants to tell the viewers that racism became a part of our past but because the black people fight for what they believe is right and showed that they can also be a great hero, they have been given the chance to prove that color should not be an issue when we talk about serving the nation. Opinion I have learned so much from life when I watched the movie. I have seen how hard it is to live at that time specially when you belong to the black race. It is very obvious how the black people were treated as slaves at that time. The movie also shows the hardship that the black people experience. They don’t have a very good place to live in, they don’t have luxuries, they were not given importance on the society and they don’t have much privilege during those times. Since this movie was based from our history, I can say that everything that’s happening in modern times was really affected by it, and the result could be good or bad. Good, in a sense that white people and black people were now united, bad to some people who still discriminate black people because of the history. It is also obvious in the film that the black soldiers were into special colored units which shows a form of segregation, another practice of racist in our nation’s history. I think that the movie brought up the best in conveying the historical lesson to the audience. Each scene seems very realistic though not all, each line in the script was very essential and the characters did a very good job which made it possible in making this film a good one. Conclusion In general as a conclusion, racism has been part of the history which practically and emotionally, gave the black people the will and the courage to fight for their rights to be recognized as people and as part of the American society that in the end, their contribution has led to the victory of the whole and they have been recognized. However, Hollywood is still going to give us a movie that will show us our past, but it needs a critical research, and deep examination of what had really happened in the past so that the movie will not appear biased to anyone else who will see it and those who are still connected with it. Overall, Hollywood is a big help to us in shaping our knowledge about what happened in our history as the film makers are making it as accurate as possible.

Independence: Thought and Teenager Essay

There is nothing more important than gaining independence to a teenager. Me, just like every other teenager couldn’t wait until I turned 16 so I could gain independence. What I didn’t understand was that the mistakes I had made in the past would prevent my parents from giving me the freedom and independence I deserved. The mistakes I had made in the past stopped my parents from giving me the permission to drive by myself when I got my license. I turned 16 on January 2, 2013 and got my license on January 5, 2013. Just like everyone other teenager I couldn’t wait to drive by myself and be independent until my parents told me I have to wait two months and gain their trust. I was upset more than ever. I didn’t know how to face my peer and tell them because of the mistakes I have made in the past, I have to wait two months until I can drive independently. Matter of fact, I got in trouble the day after my birthday, all because I decided to do something very foolish out of anger I had towards my parents which just got brought me more suffering. I personally think the older I get, the more mistakes I make. I’m positive I’m not the only teenager who goes through this phase. A couple of days later, I understood I had to pay the consequences for my foolishness and mistakes. This smart thought only lasted until two days ago when I got in trouble again all because of a misunderstanding between my parents and me. This time it was my parents’ fault. I believe that teenagers aren’t always wrong or doing something wrong. Some times it can be the parent/guardians fault as well. My parents and I have learned the stricter parents are, the more your child will go behind your back and do wrong things. Sometimes parents have to loosen up and talk to their children. Parents have to understand their child’s thoughts and change themselves according to the changing culture. Teenagers and children hide things and thoughts from their parents because they think they’ll get in trouble for sharing their thoughts. This is not true. Ever since I became â€Å"friends† with my parents, I’ve gained their trust, independence and found it easier to talk to them about everything. Teenagers, including myself mostly think of their parents as their enemy just because they try to protect you from the evil around you. I wish I understood this awhile back so I wouldn’t have misled my parents, did things behind their back and gotten in so much trouble. I most likely would’ve gained independence the day I turned 16. Yes my parents are a little over-protective and stricter than some parents but what I wasn’t able to see is that they have always protected me and prevented me from getting harmed. But neither can I blame myself for wanting independence nor I blame my parents for being protective. I have realized and learned a lot from this event that I thought was so horrible and life ending. But speaking out of all honestly, I needed this to recognize the difference between right and wrong. My family and I needed this to better understand each other. If I gained independence right when I turned 16, I would have never shared my thoughts with my parents and I would’ve continued to do go on the wrong path. I’ve also realized there is more to life when you turn 16 then just gaining independence. With freedom comes more responsibility.

Outsourcing And Project Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outsourcing And Project Valuation - Essay Example Typically the service that they share is not considered their core-business and the firms that are outsourced specialize in those specific types of work. The outsourced organizations are referred to as - centers for shared services – and are in charge of handling and executing of specific operational tasks, such as human resources, payroll, legal, compliance, security. Outsourcing could take the form of hiring service providers who handle the distinct business processes, for example, employee benefits management (Brown and Wilson 2005). Currently the management in the organization has not outsourced any service, but plan to use the shared services. The organization is a small computer store and has lately experience massive growth in revenues. This has brought the strain to meet the finance and administrative tasks to support the core program work. Management feels the need for a more professional touch to the operation of the organization since it is dissatisfied with the per formance of the in-house paid staff or pro bono professionals. The impact of not finding better solutions to the transactional and accounting service has been high staff turnover, inefficiency and burnout, cash flow crises, loss of funding, missed opportunities etc. At best, the negative impacts have posed as great distraction for the leaders and have stunted the growth and sustainability. The perceived benefits of using shared service centers have motivated the management to consider this outsourcing option. The decision to outsource has been put down by the strategic managers and they have arrived at that by brainstorming through the stages. First, they have developed the organization’s principal about the role of outsourcing activities by strategic thinking. Second, the evaluation and selection phase has led them to decide on the appropriate projects to consider outsourcing and the service providers to select. Third phase involved contract development, outlining the legal work and service level agreement terms. Finally management has considered refining the ongoing working relations between the clients and outsourced service providers. In the plan to use outsourcing the consideration has been the success index. This depends on three factors: timely and efficient communication to affected staff; client’s position to manage the service providers; and executive-level support in the outsourcing mission in the client organization. Management realizes that the service provider being outsourced needs a combination of skills in areas such as, communication, negotiation, project management and the ability to understand the terms and conditions of the contracts. Most importantly is the service providers’ willingness to change with the changing business needs. DQ2-Measuring return on investment (ROI) How does your company/organization measure returns on investments (ROI) in IT? What process is in place to approve  projects, and what weight, if a ny, is given to using financial metrics in the project approval process? The managing director of the computer store has established a performance measure to evaluate the efficiency of the investment in IT by the company. The ROI metric is popular in the company because of its simplicity and versatility and it can clearly show if the investment has a positive ROI or otherwise. Adopting the ROI measure was encouraged by the need to have a type of economic justification, specifically to provide the executive and strategic

Strategic Development of Managing Global Talent Essay

Strategic Development of Managing Global Talent - Essay Example The first principle is that, the company should base its management in the decisions based on the long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. This shows that the company development and training are given a priority to other matters in the organization. Moreover, the company has realized that the standardized processes are the foundation for continuous improvement. This forms their second principle, which is applied to talent development through standardized work and job instruction during training. In addition, the company encourages the growth of leaders who done thoroughly understand their work while at the same time encourage the leaders to teach the philosophy to other employees. This will play a major role in ensuring that the employees are well aware of their job demands and will therefore give favorable to their supervisors. It also encourages in job training, which aims at instilling new skills to the employees to gain quality production.Furtherm ore, Toyota Motor Corporation has a policy to develop exceptional people and teams who will follow the company’s philosophy and policies. This is done through retaining the best talent and training the emerging talent so that they can all achieve a certain objective. This is mainly done in line with the company’s strategic management objectives. The company also respects their suppliers by challenging them and helping them improves. This demonstrates a holistic approach to talent management.... All the above criteria will be used in the relation to the advantage of management capital, human capital, social capital, and the organization capital (Hancock, 2003, p.3). Aims and Objectives The Toyota motor corporation uses some policies and philosophies, which aims at achieving consumer satisfaction in the use of their products. One of their greatest policies and philosophy is that they do not only build cars, but people too. This is realized in the importance of their quality cars, which play a great role in offering transport to the people. However, the corporation faces a challenge in their management that is brought about by the managers. This occurs in that the managers want to play more roles in the management than in teaching. Teaching is the fundamental of all management as it involves instilling new ideas to the people that is the employees of the organization. This led to the company to employ the 14-point model of operations of which 6 points relate to the development of talent. The 14-Point Model The first principle is that, the company should base its management in the decisions based on the long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. This shows that the company development and training are given a priority to other matters in the organization. Moreover, the company has realized that the standardized processes are the foundation for continuous improvement. This forms their second principle, which is applied to talent development through standardized work and job instruction during training. In addition, the company encourages the growth of leaders who thoroughly understand their work while at the same time encourage the leaders to teach the philosophy to other

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci - Essay Example The mural painting, â€Å"The Last Supper,† is a breathtaking masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci depicting the figure of Jesus Christ sitting at the center of a long table, surrounded by his Apostles. It shows the last days of Jesus during which he was to reveal the betrayal of one of his Apostles The painting was commissioned by Duke Ludovico Sforza for the dining hall of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in Milan, Italy. Da Vinci worked on this painting for three years, from 1495-1498 and applied a new technique called tempera instead of using the expected fresco method (Ladwein 2006). Due to this, the painting has seen a lot of destruction over the years and has needed a lot of care and retouching to maintain some of its originality. Regardless of this, the painting is a beautiful work of genius, inspiring grandeur and awe through the centuries in anyone who looks upon it. The tempera technique was a new one, invented by Da Vinci, which he wanted to experiment with when creating â₠¬Å"The Last Supper.† He didn’t want to paint on wet plaster for that would have severely limited the amount of time which he could spend working on the painting. Da Vinci wanted to capture the smallest of details and colors and working with plaster would not have allowed him to achieve such excessive exquisiteness when painting (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). He applied a combination of tempera, a mixture of egg yolk and vinegar, with oil painting and used dry plaster to be able to better control the types of colors he could use (Ladwein 2006). This also allowed Da Vinci to redo specific areas without worrying about the plaster drying. Although, this allowed him ample time to complete the mural, it didn’t however stand up to the test of time. For, only a few years after its completion, the mural started showing signs of ruin. For example, the humidity caused the plaster to peel off at many places and even the paint starting falling off. This d eterioration has led to many restoration incidents. As early as 1517 the painting was started to be described as being ruined (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). The paint was horribly faded and the faces became unrecognizable. A curtain was even hung to protect the painting, but it only worked to absorb moisture and further destroy and scratch the painting. The first true attempt occurred in 1726, where Michelangelo Bellotti, tried to fill in the missing areas with oil paint and later varnished the entire mural for protection. This too did not last long because the materials used weren’t up to the important task and in 1770, Giuseppe Mazza, had to repaint the entire mural (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). He wasn’t allowed to completely finish due to the growing controversy and resentment of the public, for, they felt that the artists were taking liberty with the work and recreating it however they pleased. However, time wasn’t the only enemy of this magnificent work of art. For example, at the end of the eighteenth century, French troops badly vandalized the painting, threw stones at it, and even tried to scratch the faces of the Apostles (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). It was severely destroyed before an attempt was made to relocate it to a safe location. While moving it, the painting was again further damaged. Many parts had torn off and glue was futilely used to attach the pieces back together. Two more attempts were made to clean the parts which were still attached and stable. The twentieth century didn’t fare any better for the mural painting. For, it met with heavy bombing and vibrations during world war two. The painting was destroyed beyond recognition and a major restoration project took place during the late 1970’s in hopes of fixing all the past mistakes and improper attempts at repairing it (â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci. The Last Supper†). The project laste d more than twenty years and great care was taken to stabilize the condition of the painting and

Critical thinking Questiong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical thinking Questiong - Essay Example By focusing on participants’ dignity, they will experience compassion and love. Hart (252) also asserts that the legal system is not the best way to attain justice in society. First laws are formulated by human beings and thus can be in favor of the privileged few. Consequently, they need to be backed by secondary laws in order for them to function effectively. Moreover, according to him the judicial system is based more on logic which is not always the best way to address problems. Morally, when victims are apologized to, they feel in control since they are the ones to make decisions (Rosenbaum 175). On the other hand, when the legal system is applied the impacts are not closely felt by the participants. While lawyers view the legal system as a means to attain justice, Rosenbaum (182) looks at it as a truth silencing conspiracy. This is for the fact that the law robs participants the power to exercise their own means of attaining justice. Instead, it gives all the powers to lawyers to present contradictory, messy and inconclusive views. He then explains that the best way of avoiding lawsuits is to accord people the respect they deserve by acknowledging their responsibilities in the whole process. Through that, decency is attained and it might be the effective way of attaining justice. Contrary, the legal law penalizes offenders and this might evoke resistance within them thus hindering one from doing the right thing (Hart 258). Looking at the legal system critically one will say that laws are a form of gaining revenue. For instance, the insurance policy for automobile forbids one to apologize in case of an accident. Hence the question is, â€Å"is this because the legal system want to extract money from citizens or why is it so?† The answer to this according to Rosenbaum (184) is that lawyers do not exchange words for free thus for cases to go to court, money has to involved. However,

Concept Identification and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concept Identification and Analysis - Essay Example He is very wary of rulers who give a lot of power to the citizens as these citizens may turn against him at any time if their interests are not being fulfilled. He views men as â€Å"ungrateful, fickle, deceptive, deceiving, eager to gain, and avoiders of danger† (392). Such people cannot be trusted thus it is better to instil fear in them so that they may remain loyal. The concept of fear is what dominates Machiavelli’s thinking. He believes that a capable ruler is the one feared by his subjects but this does not mean he should be hated as one can be feared and not hated (392). Bearing in mind the human nature, men hate those who steal other people’s property thus he advises princes to stay off other people’s property. Creating fear among citizens is a way of justifying and legitimizing use of power such that the state can win at all cost. In his view, states are most effective when they are able to justify the use of force. This is why he advices rulers to use cultural traditions and religion if need be as justification for attacking an enemy (Grisby, 87). He also advises them that if they want to colonize a territory they must occupy it and confiscate their land so as to assert their power and make them obedient through fear of consequences. The main aim is to keep the population in fear so that they don’t think of overthrowing the state thus state can maintain power. Use of cruelty and unethical means to justify the state’s ends is thus desirable as fear is the optimum basis for ruling (87). Locke: State of Nature On the second Treatise on civilised government, Locke articulates his ideas on the ideal type of government and refutes the idea that men in their natural state (before establishment of government) are not civilised. He calls the period before establishment of government as the state of nature and believes that in this state, men are guided by reason or the law of nature (Chaurasia, 320). In the state of n ature, men have inalienable rights of life, liberty and property are free to dispose of their possessions as they deem fit. They live happily as peace and order is enhanced through cooperation. However, in this state the society lacks organisation and a social being he is bound at some time to want to be in a group where some people are unjust thus need for a governing body (Chaurasia, 296). As such, a government is established whose sole purpose is to protect the rights of citizens thus it draws its power from the consent of the governed (294). The state of nature concept tries to explain the political philosophy of Locke. With natural rights comes the need to protect these rights hence individuals give up part of their rights through a social contract with the state in return for protection of their rights. Popular sovereignty is thus with the citizens. Should the government break the contract by violating people’s rights, then they have the power to dismiss it (Chaurasia, 324). The government is thus the servant of the society whereas political power rests with the people. He thus advocates liberal or laissez-faire form of government which has minimal state intervention being to maintain peace and order through protection of rights. In this form of government, the use of reason or natural laws dictates that no one ought to harm one another and in case that happens, one is liable to punishment (Chaurasia, 320). The

Describe and compare the economies of the UAE and France Essay

Describe and compare the economies of the UAE and France - Essay Example The tourism sector of the country is very well-developed. The country enjoys the third largest income from this sector (CIA, 2014). The economy of the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) is also a global member of multiple organizations like, OPEC, United Nations and Gulf Cooperation Council. The population of the country is 5,628,805 and 76% of the population is Muslim. The economic growth of the U.A.E. could be mainly attributed to its oil sector. However, recently, the government is trying to promote industries other than oil and involvement of private sector in the economy has increased. The financial crisis of 2008 had affected economic growth of the country in recent times (CIA, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to compare these two countries on terms of key economic indicators like, GDP growth rate, GDP per capita, level of unemployment, level of investment and balance of payment position, besides analyzing causes of difference in the level of their performance. In order to compare the level of growth of two countries, GDP growth has been used. Rate of GDP growth is widely employed as an indicator to measure the level of economic growth in a country. GDP can be considered as a summary measure of overall performance of an economy and can facilitate international comparison. The following table tabulates the GDP growth rate of France. The above graph plots the GDP growth rate of France. It can be seen that the country has been adversely affected by the financial crisis, thereby experiencing negative growth rate in 2008 and 2009. The economy has begun to recover since 2010. However, there is still volatility in the GDP growth. It is seen that the level of GDP growth in the U.A.E. has been adversely impacted by the financial crisis in 2008. A negative growth rate in the GDP is noticed in 2009. From comparing the values in above two figures, absolute level of GDP in France is found to be higher than that of the U.A.E.; but in terms of GDP growth rate,

Turning Disaster into Economic Development (Dark Tourism) Research Paper

Turning Disaster into Economic Development (Dark Tourism) - Research Paper Example To have such a memorial, there are psychosocial dynamics that have to be considered to balance its economic importance with its social significance to the people in the region. This way, the society will feel as being part of the project hence embrace it as their own. Establishing a Tsunami memorial center in Phuket has been marred with contention trying to balance the economic significance of such a move with the psychosocial aspects involved considering that the 2004 tsunami led to the loss of many lives in the region. This study is therefore aimed at addressing the dynamics involved in incepting the memorial center to know whether its economic significance will surpass the social aspects such as reminding the inhabitants of the tsunami that claimed so many lives from their midst. December 26, 2004 was marked by one of the biggest tsunamis to ever hit Phuket (Abby, 2009). According to geologists, this specific one was triggered by an undersea mega thrust Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. The exact values from the destruction were controversial though the number of the lives lost was speculated to be around 280 thousands with another fourteen thousand missing. The Tsunami mega waves reached thirty meters which was the highest value is ever recorded fo r in such a catastrophe. Among the countries hit by the Tsunami in Asia include Singapore, Bangladesh, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. In all of these countries, many people were reported to have lost their lives with many more being displaced or missing (Kirtz & Kehnemui, 2004). More than ten years after the Tsunami disaster, a Tsunami Memorial recreation center has been established in Thailand. The joint initiative which includes the local community who were directly affected by the disaster is a new attraction site with a wall engraved with the names of those people who died in the disaster bringing back the remorseful memories to

Siemens Bribery Scandal Essay Example for Free

Siemens Bribery Scandal Essay Automobiles are now an indispensable way for citizens to go out for working and shopping. Cars have shaped the development of motorization, which leads to the increase in private car use. As a result of automobiles’ growing popularity, a network of roads is built to satisfy the need for car travelers. Therefore motorization finally stimulates urban sprawl, which is the spread of cities into impoverished and rural areas on the periphery of cities. Urban sprawl obviously has led to some serious social and environmental problems such as inequality in society and climate change. Several organizations support to develop advanced technology in order to restrict urban sprawl and decrease greenhouse gas emissions while some experts disapprove of this opinion. This essay will argue that technological solutions just reduce social and ecological pressure to delay the consequence. The reasons why it is impossible that technology can absolutely cope with these problems also will be explained in the essay. In terms of surroundings, at present technology is not perfect enough to protect the natural environment and to deal with the greenhouse effect throughout the world. According to Gonzalez (2005), urban sprawl promotes automobile industry and gasoline manufacturers, which eventually increase carbon emissions. The extensive use of private cars causes rising greenhouse gases, which create global warming. In addition, negative ecological influences can directly cause public health problems such as asthma and lung diseases (Freund and Martin, 2005). Although technology can partially reduce certain environmental strain, it may also create some additional problems (Gonzalez, 2005). For an instance, nuclear energy can indeed reduce carbon emission though the waste in a nuclear power plant can also pollute the environment. Moreover, Gonzalez (2005) stresses that scientists at present do not develop any technology to completely cope with climate change. It may take a long time and considerable resource to find an effective technological method. Thus, there is no efficient technology to deal with ecological problems like global warming. With respect to problems in society, technology cannot prohibit main reliance on automobiles. Motorized urban expansion brings severe social problems, such as food supply threats from loss of farmland, transport injustice and health problem. Urban sprawl increases reliance on automobile transport, which means more car owners, more frequent and longer trips and, therefore, more greenhouse gas emissions. Except harmful gas exhaustion from vehicles and annoying noise, dominance of private cars still does harm to citizens’ health, because the drivers exercise less and become fat. The crowded traffic degrades the shared space and makes squares and parks useless (Martin, 2007). It may be true that clean and energy-efficient automobile can be manufactured in science and technology. However, such technologies cannot stop the growth of travel distance (Martin, 2007). Furthermore, Martin (2005) claims that there is no or few technology available for problems of land consumption and the degradation of public space. Therefore, technological solution cannot categorically handle some serious problems such as the deterioration of public space and loss of farmland. Technological methods are expected to work out problems in society and environment. However, social and ecological injustice cannot be addressed by technology. People in poverty who are unable to afford personal cars have to live in the fringes of the city which has inadequate public transportation and infrastructures just like supermarkets and hospitals (Martin, 2007). In general, the edge of the city is industrialized, where factories emit harmful gases and let out waste into nearby rivers. Thus, the poor’s health problem is more serious than the citizens in the inner city. With different circles of people supplied with separately various resources, the imbalance between classes results in societal polarization, fragmentation and segregation (Martin 2007). As a result of inequality, people who want to have a better life migrate from rural area to urban area because of well-paid jobs in the city. More facilities and houses need to be constructed so as to fulfill the demand of increasing people in the centre of city. Construction of homes and commercial buildings in urban peripheries also consumes a lot of energy. Therefore uncontrolled urbanization leads to land consumption and loss of farmland, which decline the food production. In some way, technology can manufacture economical and fuel-efficient automobiles with shoddy materials so that the poor can afford this kind of car, whereas, it cannot cope with the gap between the rich and the poor. In addition, technological methods cannot intervene in collective civilization such as culture and social cohesion. Thus, social and ecological inequality cannot be intervened by technology in any way. To sum up, this essay has analyzed how motorized urban sprawl leads to social and environmental problems. The essay also explained that technological solutions are incapable of solving the ecological and social problems originating from urban sprawl due to the lack of core technology. Even if the competent technology appeared, it would be too late to solve these problems. The technology cannot stop people from relying on cars to go out. Public health problems are also one of the main consequences of increasing car use and industrialized countryside. Technology solutions ignore the underlying causes of global warming- urban sprawl. It is necessary to limit the expansion of cities and to efficiently use the limited area. Otherwise, environmental degradation could not be reversed at all. Governments should pay more attention to urban sprawl even give up some financial and political policy. No. of word: 890 References: Freund, P., Martin, G., â€Å"Fast Cars/Fast Foods: Hyper consumption and its Health and Environmental Consequences†, Frontiers of Sociology, The 37th World Congress of the International Institute of sociology, Stockholm, Sweden, 5-9, July 2005. Gonzalez, G.A (2005), â€Å"Urban Sprawl, Global Warming and the Limits of Ecological Modernisation†, Environmental Politics, 14:3, pp. 34-362. Martin, G., 2007, â€Å"Motorization, Social Ecology and China†, Area, Vol. 39:1, pp. 66-73.

Electromagnetic spectrum Essay Example for Free

Electromagnetic spectrum Essay Many of the well-known scientists explore several types of waves and gave their theories, statements, and practical applications in this field. These waves are composed in a manner so one can measure their wavelength and frequency as well. These types of wavelength are declared as â€Å"Low notes† and â€Å"High notes†. Low notes have a low frequency and a long wavelength; where as High notes have high frequency and a shorter wavelength. These electromagnetic waves are result of electrically charged particles, such waves are also declared as â€Å"Electromagnetic Radiation†, as they radiate initially from the electrically charged particles. These waves can easily pass through any empty space, air and other more substances as well. According to research it was explored by many of the scientist that these radiations has fundamentally a â€Å"Dual Personality† as it behaves as waves and stream of particles which are known as â€Å"photons â€Å"as well. In addition the photons have no group as well as they have very short wavelength too. (Alvino, G, 75) SECTIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: Fundamentally electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range of wavelength and photon energies as well. The spectrum is usually segmented into seven sections, which are declared as X-ray, Infrared, and Ultraviolet, Microwave, Visible, Gamma ray radiation and Radio waves. INFRARED RAYS: Fundamentally this particular term† Infrared† covers a wide range of frequency. The wavelength range initiates from about 1 millimeter down to 750 nm. Those rays, which are approximately adjacent to visible spectrum, are called â€Å"Near infrared† and those who have longer wavelength section are declared as â€Å"Far infrared†. These rays are widely utilized in exploring vibration spectra of molecules. In connections with matter, infrared mainly acts to place molecules into pulsation. These rays doesn’t have good impact on atmosphere as it never penetrate atmosphere but still infrared are utilize to initially acts to set molecules into vibration. VISIBLE LIGHT:- This is fundamentally the narrow visible section of electromagnetic spectrum. This thin section keeps up a correspondence to the wavelengths closer to the maximum of the Suns radiation curve. Visible light is mainly utilized in elevating electrons to higher energy levels. In this particular case white light can be parted into its spectral colors by dispersion in a prism. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS: Ultraviolet rays are approximately below the region where visible light is explored and this was proofed by many of the well-known scientist by their statements and their theories as well. In addition these rays cause harm as it has shorter wavelength that can reach the ionization energy for many molecules, so this outcome in hazards to other ionizing radiations as well. While welding, protective eye shields must be utilized because this ultraviolet substance of welding arcs can inflame once eyes. X-RAYS: When high-energy electrons struck a metal target then these rays start penetrating, they are highly penetrating rays. According to research it was explored that just after the discovery of x-rays they are started being used in medical to image broken bones. Fundamentally when these rays have interaction with matter they ionize radiations and generate physiological possessions, which are basically never observed with any exposure of non-ionizing radiation, such as the risk of mutations or cancer in tissue. GAMMA RAYS: Gamma rays are generally utilized to denote electromagnetic radiation from the center as a part of a radioactive process. Fundamentally their nuclear energy is extremely high as such radiations are initiated in the electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus as a part or as a result of radioactive procedures. X-rays and Gamma rays are quite identical as they both are electromagnetic rays, these are simply some declaration regarding source rather than implying different kinds of radiation. (Alvino, G, 75-79) Below is the table, which will provide you better understanding and clear the entire conceptions as well. Wavelengths, frequencies, and energies for selected regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are mentioned in this, which was fundamentally result of several researches.

Tesco PLC International Communication

Tesco PLC International Communication Introduction Tesco plc is the fourth largest retailer in the world after Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Home Depot, and the largest supermarket retailer in the UK, McLoughlin Aaker (2010, p126). The company was founded after WW1, and is widely recognised for having expanded its services during the 1990s away from groceries. In the last quarter of 2009 the company had a 31% share of the entire UK grocery market, with a reported gross turnover of 59.4 billion for the fiscal year 2008/2009. Cornelissen (2005, p32) provides an alternative synopsis of corporate communications via a historical perspective, defining five central or core themes. The realisation by the 1990s that organizations so as to stay afloat had to practice and engage through communications with a number of groups in the environment. For the larger part of the 20th century, managing communications had been defined predominantly via public relations and marketing divisions, this being an intrinsically limited approach, thus contemporary forms of communications management have integrated these divisions into the wider corporate communications function. Furthermore the shift from rigid to flexible market landscapes, and increasingly competitive marketplaces, this together with a greater call from society for corporate citizenship, pushing many organizations into stakeholder management strategies, and finally the relationship of corporate communications with the stakeholder era, and the need to build and ma nage relationships with stakeholder groups upon which the organization is economically and socially dependent. External and Internal communications Hargie D Tourish D (2004, p3) outline the scope of communication strategy and organizational success with an emphasis on internal communications proposing a systematic approach to the construction of a seaworthy communications strategy and the rigorous evaluation of all steps taken along the way. In the same way that Cornelissen J (2005), in the context of a historical understanding defines a shift in communications strategies and practices, the authors spell out a contemporary paradigm. Quirke, (1995, p76) is cited to have defined the traditionally bound or understood terms of organizational communication, such as the announcement of management conclusions, and the ensuring of consistent information, making messages easily comprehensible, and easy to disseminate. The authors go on to cite Quirkes further suggestions relative to the attempt to widen organizational participation and involvement, inclusive of the stimulation of thinking, participation and ideas, the networking of know how and learning across the organisation, the involvement of all employees in improving processes, the identification of ways of providing additional value to customer and lastly the expansion of what all employees believe is possible, Hargie D Tourish D (2004, p19), also see Quirke, (1995, p77). Quirke is further cited in so as to summarize this contemporary view of communications, the role of communication becomes not the top-down dissemination of management thinking, but the bottom-up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have authority to make change happen. With respect to issues of external communications a number of fundamental questions are defined; who is communicating with whom? Which issues receive the most attention and arouse the most anxiety? How much information are people are receiving and sending on crucial issues? how much interpersonal trust exists; and how the overall quality of working relationships can be characterized? such issues are among the core concerns of efforts to establish what has been termed organisational climate (Lammers, 1994). The authors go on to outline the way in which a communications audit can be implemented citing a five stage sequential model devised by Baker, (1999) beginning with the selection of a topic, followed by an outlining of desired performance in relation to criteria and standards. The third stage entailing collection of objective data, fourthly the implementation of appropriate changes to improve performance, and lastly the collection of data to check for changes induced by the model. Van Riel suggests a framework for the coexistence of a number of communications functions in a single organization, this being particularly relevant to a company such as Tesco which as a result of its product and market diversification is concerned with a number or varying communication channels. Van Riels framework relates to internal concerns of an organization or company, as described by Barker Angelopulu (p371), Van Riel proposes a framework for organizations to stimulate cooperation among all relevant communication functions by defining the baseline of corporate communication. Three ultimate stages are devised by Van Riel, the definition of common starting points, the use of common operational systems and lastly the coordination of decision making. Identity, reputation and image McLoughlin, Aaker (2010) define Tescos success and growth over the past three decades directly in relation to its strategy and image, further relating it to market segmentation. The authors outline a number of strategic initiatives such as its managed range of four differing level brand product, finest range of premium products, Tesco healthy living, value range and Tesco organic range and furthermore describing the way in which the company changed customer perceptions of the brand itself, Secondly the company mantra has shifted form maximising shareholder value to maximising customer value. While the underlying objective is naturally to make higher profits this is specifically done while focusing on customer service (2010, p127). The third term which Damien McLoughlin, David A define is that of its diversification strategy which as outlined is based on four key principles, these being the innovation and expansion into the core UK grocery market and into areas like convenience store s; innovating through expansion into non food business like consumer electrics, clothing health beauty CDs and DVDs and even developing its non food finest and value ranges; expanding into retail services like personal finance telecoms and utilities by entering into joint ventures with major players in these industry sectors; finally, expanding internally which accounted for more than 25% of sales in 2008/9 with plans for further expansion in international markets including India and China, Damien McLoughlin, David A. Aaker (2010) Culture and its influence in corporate communications Considering the expansion and diversification of Tescos services and products, in addition to the widening of its potential targeted market landscape, the initially defined terms of corporate communications devised by Cornelissen J (2005) and Hargie D Tourish D (2004), central to which are ideas of integration, and the crossing of functional boundaries, seem most appropriate. Despite the broad range of services and products offered by Tesco, there are in existence a number of unifying terms to which the organization would need adhere to, such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and an overall brand value. The organizations present a number of terms which embody the core purpose of Tesco as a business, Value via competitive prices, product choice and high food quality, helpfulness via customer service, availability and customer communications, inclusiveness via the means of ensuring that the organization appeals to a broad range of customers, something for everybody, and innova tion via new product development and retails services technology. The role of technology in corporate communication Chaffey et al (2009) outline Tescos strategy of diversification predominantly in terms of internet marketing and implementation, citing the chief executive of Tescos Terry Leahy from the Sunday Times, we will be the worlds biggest online grocery retailer and we intend to become the UKs No.1 e-commerce business (Lorenz and Nuki, 1999), further defining the way in which Tescos affirmed expansion was aligned to its expansion in providing wider products and services, in 2000, the online services diversified, offering many non food product ranges and financial services. The terms of diversification are understood predominantly in relation to internet shopping and service innovations, By 2003 96% of the UK population could shop online with Tesco.com giving the commonly 65% of the UK online grocery shopping market and further diversification of product ranges, e.g. financial services and telecoms. Specific innovations such as DVD services to the door, a rental film DVD service, the provisio n of energy utilities whereby customers can save money on their house bills, initiatives and schemes to promote better health such as online -diet services which help customers to tailor their food shopping and diets, and telephone services, Currently Tesco is focusing on the development of TESCO direct, which offers customers a wide range of non-food goods as well as launching a range of own brand computer software. Currently Tesco accounts for approximately 66% of the UKs online shopping market. Dave Chaffey et al (640; 2009). Oliver (1997, p128) suggests a communications framework in relation to IT technology which ultimately aligns terms of cultural values and beliefs of an organization with the organizations vision. The author presents a model devised by Goldberg Sifonis (1993) titled communication framework, which relies on the assumptions of management which are adopted on an intuitive basis and that need to be communicated with internal and external stakeholders, as described by the author, from that, a dynamic campaign plan or communication framework is produced which clearly represents the cultural values and beliefs of an organization aligned to its vision, Oliver (1997, p128). Internal-the role of HR corporate Communication It is widely referred to throughout literature that the role of HR in terms of wider communications strategies is immensely under emphasised, HR departments most often not being considered under the scope of a communications department. The U.S. society for HRM asserts the way in which communications and HR should be closely related within any organizational framework, specifying the role of HR in terms of communication as a way by which to assert any given culture as alive and healthy. HR is predominantly responsible for and concerned with internal communications in this respect. Turner (2003, p20) proposes a model which adapts the traditional framework of linking HRM and performance. Turners model incorporates communications into the entire model. For example at the stage of HR strategy, the author suggests good communication as a tool by which to join up HR policies and strategies. In terms of HR practices, the author outlines, effective people management practices to be communica ted to line managers, and directly in relation to terms of financial performance, the author suggests efficient communication of a culture of good people practice, this being particularly important to an organization such as Tesco plc, which falls into the category of a dominant, large multi-national corporation, at risk of gaining a bad reputation for this very reason. Conclusion Pelsmacker P et al (2005, p228) define a number of channels adopted by the Tesco organization so as to communicate to as wide a consumer market as possible. For example the authors define the Tesco club card magazine, describing the aims as the creation of fun and information, managing the communicated core Tesco brand values and services. The authors further outline the engendering of lasting brand loyalty, and contribute significantly to customer awareness of new areas and lastly the increase up take of other Tesco ventures particularly in non food, the authors go onto to describe, At forward publishing, they realised very quickly that you cant talk to someone in their twenties in the same way that you would to a person in their sixties, resulting in various targeted, specific magazines. The organization identified five life stages from Club card data, creating five different copies of the clubcard magazine. This is defined as just one initiative amongst many more such as Tesco lif estyle scheme and the Tesco loyalty program which gave the organization the ability to customize and further optimize the customer expertise. As an international organization, concerned with such a diverse range of services the Tesco organization embody and epitomize the very need to diversify and integrate communications approaches, as described by Cornelissen and to implement the bottom up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have the authority to make change happen as defined by Quirke (1995). Recommendations Further analysis of Tesco plc in terms of corporate communications would need to incorporate quantitative data in addition to a qualitative assessment, furthermore the role of a communications strategy would need to be discussed further, directly in relation to Tescos brand and product diversification.

Importance of the Friars in Much Ado About Nothing and Measure for Meas

Importance of the Friars in Much Ado About Nothing and Measure for Measure In the plays Much Ado About Nothing and Measure for Measure, the friars are important instruments in their respective storyline because of their assumed pure intentions of using deception as a means to right the wrong-doing within the play. They have the authority to administer questionable plans of action because they are respected and trusted. The friars hear all of the confessions; therefore, they could know even the deepest of secrets. The friars, or "Fathers" take on a protective role, a paternal one. They seem to relate more with the youth, or the wronged, who become like children needing guidance in their vulnerable states. When the parents, or as in Measure for Measure, Angelo, must be contradicted, the next highest up in the chain of command is the friar. The friars assume these authoritative roles with great conviction. They seem to believe that they must protect their sheep and fight evil. Friar Francis of Much Ado About Nothing believes himself to serve as a means for jus tice, "Craft against vice I must repay" (3.1.57). In a different realm of justice, within different scales of measurement, the Friars offer their non-doctrinal mode of deception to set the world (of the play) in harmony. In Much Ado About Nothing, Friar Francis suggests a peculiar solution to amend a horrible situation in which the bride was shamed and jilted. Friar Francis seemed to be the only male who pulled for Hero's honor. He believed her when her father did not and vied for her innocence when he said, "Trust not my age, / My reverence, calling, nor divinity/ If this sweet lady lie not guiltless here/ Under some biting error" (4.1.166-9). He advised that she prete... ...acilitators when they are the only characters whose authority never is questioned. Only they can pull off the deceptive schemes that they do because no one else in the play either can be trusted, or is not in a position of power as the friars are. Friar Francis and Friar Lodowick are not despised in the end because their religious positions allow for them to be trusted in making a just and right decision. The friars restored order. Within the system of justice in which the friars operate it is not only just, but necessary, to sin by lying and deceiving, in order for love and harmony to prevail. It then becomes a question of not whether these holy men abuse Christian dogma, but on their intent behind the deceit. Thus "craft against vice" is the powerful system which allows for discrepancy concerning sin in order to combat the havoc caused by deception by evil intent.

Outsourcing Software Jobs :: Globalization

Outsourcing Software Jobs Introduction Henry is an experienced programmer for a large software company in Silicon Valley. Despite dedicating 10 years working for the company, he recently received notice that he will soon be laid-off. Before leaving, however, the company instructs him to train his replacement -- a programmer overseas. The software company realized that Henry's job duties can be achieved by overseas workers earning significantly lower wages for the same (or better) quality of work. Unfortunately, Henry is faced with the difficult decision of training his own replacement. Based on Henry's values, must he dutifully perform his instructions and train the overseas programmer? Why did the company choose to outsource the job if Henry is capable of the job's requirements and neglect his loyalty and contributions to the company? This particular example introduces the ethical issues involved with outsourcing software jobs. For the past two decades, U.S. companies have been experiencing an era of tremendous economical growth, largely due to the rapid developments in technology. Consequently, to ensure survival in a capitalistic market, U.S. companies have tried to keep pace with technological changes and competitive pressures by various means, including outsourcing software jobs. With increasing competition both domestically and internationally, U.S. companies have sent many software jobs outside the United States. This paper focuses on the outsourcing of software jobs and analyzes the "Global Workforce" -- a growing trend among U.S. companies to not only do business globally, but also employ people globally. Trends in Outsourcing Software Jobs The Internet glory years as we closed the decade (infamously known as the "Internet Bubble") could not get enough of software engineers. New graduates from American colleges and universities found themselves having multiple job offers even before graduation. Today, that phenomena is long gone. The degradation of the U.S. economy, the "lack" of supply of new American engineering graduates, and the positive impacts of outsourcing have forced U.S. companies to look overseas to enhance company talent and maximize cost efficiency. Many studies have shown that U.S. companies, especially the high-tech industry, have been outsourcing software jobs overseas to countries such as India and China. For instance, IBM, the largest computer company in the world, recently announced that they would move up to 4,730 programmers from U.S. to India [3]. According to a November 2003 report [8] by the American Electronics Association, the United States lost 540,000 jobs in the high-tech industry in 2002.

Gay Rights Essay -- Equality Homosexuality Papers

Gay Rights Throughout history, homosexuality has been looked down upon and legislated against. The law has prohibited any type of behavior outside of the heterosexual relationship. This deviant behavior has included not only homosexuality butalso fornication, adultery, oral, and anal sex. Originally, religious laws prohibited these types of behavior; then civil laws followed suit. The reasoning for these prohibitions is that marriagebetween a man and a woman is the cornerstone of society. "The idea of a man,a woman, and children is what civilization is based on." Therefore, any acts outside of a heterosexual marriage are viewed by fundamentalists as an erosion of society as stated by the Church ofJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In our group there is a consensusthat homosexuals should have complete equality with everyone else in this country to not only marryand engage in sexual activities, but also to raise children. This is the result of the factthat in the recent past homosexuals, as well as women, have challenged these restrictions in the courts as well as in the media. Their actions have had a tremendous effect not only on our group butalso on a vast amount of people in this country. Just twenty yearsago there would have been a much greater opposition to equality for homosexuals. Butas a result of their involvement, public awareness has been raised. This paper aims to deal with specific constitutional arguments, a number of court cases, the opinions of a few Hunter College students we talkedto, and the role that homosexuals play in the media. Challenges have beenmade on restrictions of same sex marriages as well as restrictions on adoption by a homosexual couple.Constitutional arguments such as ... ...ore acceptable topic to discuss in society due to the influence of the media and court decisions. As a result, homosexuals are no longer apprehensive to demand their rightful place insociety, along with their civil rights and right to equal protection. Withthe help of public figures and the open- mindedness of the courts and the general public, thequestion of whether homosexuals are entitled to equalrights will be relegated to history. Bibliography BOOKS The Challenge of Democracy, Janda, Berry,Goldman. Fifth edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997 The Law of Sex and Discrimination, J. RalphLindgren and Nadine Taub. Second edition. West Publishing,1998. Sexual Orientation and Human Rights, RobertWintemute. Oxford Press, 1995. WORLD WIDE WEB http://www.aclu.org/news/n061997a.html http://www.nonline.com/procon/html/gayadoptpro.htm

Product Life Cycle of Nutri-Grain Essay

* The brand was first introduced in the United States in 1991 for a breakfast cereal bars consisting of fruit filling covered in a crust without added sugar. * There were four varieties initially (rye, corn, barley and wheat); later these were reduced to corn and wheat * There are various Nutri-Grain Bars made from the breakfast cereal bonded together, available in the markets where the cereal is available. The bars became popular in the 1990s as an â€Å"on-the-go† food. * In the United States the Nutri-Grain Bar name is used for the soft golden baked crust breakfast bars made with wheat, whole-grain, and oats. Product Development Nutri-Grain was developed in 1980 by Kellogg’s Company which was already successful in making cereal that people enjoyed. Kellogg’s wanted to produce a on to go cereal breakfast bar that was healthy and was filling. Introduction Nutri-Grain was launched in 1997 and was instantly a hit among the middle class population who had little time to spare and need food on the go. It gained almost 50% of share of the growing cereal bar market in just two years. In just 1997 they had sold about 4,000 tons of cereal bars. In 1997 they made of a soft crust with a fruit filling inside. They were popular amongst both adults and children. Nutri-Grain was advertised on T.V, magazines and newspapers Growth During the growth stage, Nutri- Grains sales climbed rapidly as more people overseas became aware of the product. The product became very popular in Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. The growth and profit was short lived as sales started to die out. The product looked like it was going into decline without even going into the maturity stage. The growth stage lasted for a year in 1999 Maturity In 2000 Kellogg’s decided to increase profits and bring back the sales that they were starting to lose. They introduced a new type of cereal bar called Twists which were essentially 2 small soft bakes with different flavors twisted into one bar. This worked because the sales rose again, this lasted for about for another year

Digital Life – How Technology Has Changed Us

Digital Life Every day people are hit constantly by a bombardment of online media. It used to be that people would see billboards, TV commercials and magazine, but with advancement of technology people remain wired into the internet 24/7. â€Å"Smartphones† are a great example of a device that promotes constant connections. It enables people to be connected to online media at all times. The effects that this constant connection has had on people in general are life changing.We can certainly agree that the lives of everyone who has access to these connections will change over time. The primary change that is happening in everyone’s life is the way we communicate with each other. Just 10 years ago cellphones were starting to become more and more popular. They evolved from big briefcase sized machines to something that can easily fit in your pocket. Even then though, calling someone was the primary way of communicating over distances. That has changed and is no longer the case.With advancements in Email, texting and social networking, they have all moved to a more popular position than making calls. Whether people need to relay small pieces of information or have a long conversation, texting and emails tend to be what they use. While this may not seem like a big deal to most people, one can argue that it is making the people that use this form of communication over calling or face to face interaction become stumped at interacting with people and sometimes have trouble communicating face to face at all.An interesting issue connected to this is that as a result of real life communications not being a primary skill, some people resort to purely online relationships. Particularly online gamers who play games like World of Warcraft or other Massive Multi-player Online games. These relationships range from simple friendships to as far as marriages which take part online entirely, but sometimes turns into something in the physical world. There have actually been many cases of people who met playing games online, then decided to meet in real life and ended up getting married.While the presence of online dating has been around for a while with sites like eHarmony, these sites still primarily run on face to face interactions and people have an idea of the interests and likes of the people they attempt to form relationships with. In the worlds of online gaming, one can argue that even though it is formed by two people, it is to a great extent mostly anonymous. On eHarmony you know what the other person looks like while in online games, you only know who the other person wants to look like.The person someone falls for online can be the exact opposite of what the other person believed they were getting into. All of this stems from the fact that some people who become to accustomed to the online world and online media turn out to have severe communication issues in the real world that causes them to turn to the people they interact with onli ne. Increasing the rate of socially inept people is not the only effect that the internet is having. Due to the massive daily usage of Social Networking websites people take part of everyday, a problem with narcissism is arising.The problem with this is that if people have problems with things like self image, they resort to these networks. Facebook promotes negative parts of the personality directly linked to disruptive forms of narcissism, which was promoted by a study done by Christopher Carpenter. The study stated that among other aspects that are promoted by online social networking, â€Å"a sense of deserving respect and a willingness to manipulate and take advantage of others† is highly promoted. Pearse 1) It is thus clear that there is various social problems that arise from online media, not just social ineptitude. While the previous drawbacks of the connected world were looking at the social sense, something occurs in the person that hurts their sense of being alone . Since people are constantly on their internet enabled devices, they lose a sense of the things around them. They forget about the beauty of nature, among other things. Since humans by nature seek companionship, they make the life altering choice to remain connected at all times.In doing so one loses the knowledge of the beauty of being alone outside. Like Sherry Turkle said on a radio interview â€Å"If you don't know how to be alone, you'll only always know how to be lonely. If you're always reaching for the device, the cell, the Facebook, the sharing, you lose that. † (Tippet 1) What she is trying to say is that because of our fear of loneliness, we remain connected to online media all the time thus losing our ability to embrace being alone and absorbing the wonders around you. Another huge change it has in our life is in the cognitive sense.When people need to know a bit of information they used to go to the library or find it in the newspaper among other sources. Over t ime it got to the point where it was as simple as â€Å"googling† for it. Currently it has gotten to the point where people rely on a small number of sources for information. The biggest one being â€Å"Wikipedia. org,† which is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit and is maintained by other people. While there used to be a process that makes you think and search for information through stacks of books and articles, today it is not as interactive as it was then.The result is a slump in many habits like studying and similar queries of knowledge and the increase in bad habits like laziness and reliability in sloppy sources. An undeniably great change that happens to people with constant online media is in the way they think. This relates to the changes in how people hunt information as well. Advertisement is probably the biggest part of online media. It is what fuels it as of the online world is funded through advertisement. While there is undoubtedly good pro ducts still in production today, it is not uncommon to see bad or unreliable products become successful.The reason for this is that people are bombarded by online advertisements so much more often now that they assume a product is the best if it has a huge advertising campaign. The more a product advertises, the more people it reaches and sells to. Thanks to companies like Google and Facebook, it has become easy for any company to reach millions of consumers ready to give their money away. Most consumers have the idea that they need to buy things to make them happy or more complete. This is implanted in them by the massive amounts of online media they face everyday.One of the issues with this is that many consumers do not bother to do research on products they buy. They simply buy them because they are popular or because they have been advertised heavily. The same way that people have gotten lazy at hunting down information and learning, they have also become susceptible to having t heir ideas and thoughts molded by big business advertisements. The presence of technology and online media can definitely make some people forget they are human, but only to an extent.If we connect some of the negatives the online world has brought along as it developed, we can see that some human qualities are lost as well, or at least weakened. Curiosity is one of the parts of humanity that is waned thanks to the internet. Due to information being readily available at the click of a mouse, the human desire to learn has lessened in many people. While they still go to school and get degrees, most people no longer absorb information around them or that available to them in libraries, for example.People don't take in stories and knowledge and hold them dear simply because if they are ever needed, they can be instantaneously looked up or downloaded. Another way that the internet can help people forget they are human is by allowing them to become anyone they want to be. This is a by lar ge the main reason people play video games. Online games allow people to become anyone they would ever want to be from a warrior to a hero. There is nothing to stop them from achieving what they want online except time, and so very much time goes into achieving their online goals.People become so immersed into their online persona that they completely forget about their real life responsibilities among other things they ignore. Not only do some people build marriages and friendships online, but in doing allow their online personas to become their main one. Their online lives become more important than their physical lives. It is undeniable that humans are now evolving alongside technology. The further that technology evolves, the easier it is for humans to stay wired into the internet. People can now be connected at all times so of course it will have an effect on how humans evolve.I believe humans will instinctively always know that they are only human. However this will have an ef fect in that more people will turn to the internet and online media to direct their lives, since many people believe others will know how to do things better, and seek out that wisdom online, but we run into a big issue here. We can already see how online media is making people multitask badly and how it severely decreases focus amongst many. Nicholas Carr speaks of a subject called Neuroplasticity which talks about how our brain is constantly changing and evolving.Due to online media, it is being trained to â€Å"take in information very, very quickly in a very interrupted, distracted way little bits of it come at us all the time. â€Å"(Carr 1) Therefore we are actually evolving in such a way that we are gradually losing focus. One can argue that over time, with the growth of online media, focus is the main skill that may be lost almost entirely. Nicholas Carr states in an Interview on PBS News Hour that the because the internet serves distractions at all times of the day, that our focus is the target of it. What we're losing is the ability to pay deep attention to one thing over a prolonged period of time. † (Carr 2) We are evolving away from deep thought, because information is so readily available, and it presents itself to us in in the form of hundreds of small distractions every day. With online media constantly distracting people with Facebook and Twitters, some researchers wondered what life would be like for a person that would be abruptly disconnected from this constant link to the web. A group of scientists decided to put this to the test on themselves.The scientists were all shocked at what happened on the third day of their experiment. Richtel, a journalist who followed the scientists on a vacation, stated that â€Å"You start to feel more relaxed. Maybe you sleep a little better. Maybe you don't reach for your phone pinging in your pocket. † (Digital 1) After just three days of being disconnected, the sense of extreme urgency that was causing the scientists to sleep less and constantly check their phone had faded away to a certain degree. It was obvious there, that there is something positive in disconnecting even if you do it just for a small amount of time.In conclusion, online media will constantly try to take our attention off other things, and this trend shows absolutely no sign of stopping. It has undeniable effects on peoples social lives as well as their minds and how they think. As was stated by people like Carr and Carpenter, it is not a good direction in which things are evolving. While these problems are constantly growing, very few things are being done to stop them and even fewer are successful. As long as this trend continues, the chance for people to turn it around and begin using their brains as they were used before gets lower with time.It is up to the people what powers they give to online media, but trends point to them gaining more steam. The choice to disconnect is completely in the han ds of the user, but users will most likely stay online. Works Cited Pearse, Damien. â€Å"Facebook's ‘dark Side': Study Finds Link to Socially Aggressive Narcissism. † The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 17 Mar. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Nicholas Carr's: The Shallows. † PBS. Ed. Jeffrey Brown.PBS, 27 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . Tippet, Krista. â€Å"On Being. † Transcript. American Public Media, 7 Apr. 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Digital Overload: Your Brain On Gadgets. † Npr. org. PBS, 24 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. .

Maths Research and budgeting

Starr full time earning $17. 50/hrs working 40 hours a week with a net Income of $32, 841. I need to buy a car wealth my price range to make sure I can get to work on time. Starr is approximately km away from home so driving to and from work will approximately be km a day. Working 5 days a week in total I will be traveling km.I choose a 2014 Mediumistic Mirage Sport LA that costs $9,990 because it is fuel efficient, runs well, parts are easy to find and reasonably cheap, I eve Mediumistic and the look of this particular car, I have friends that own this car and they say It Is the most reliable car they have ever owned, It Is small but has lots of room with a massive boot space which is 235 liters (plenty of room for the shopping it is easier to park into tight spots and has the power of a sports vehicle.The car has a USB port inbuilt to the stereo, Bluetooth for hands free phone calls, CD player, MPH/ AX compatible, ABS, cup holders, power windows, 5 star UNCAP rating and 6 airbags o r added safety. It comes with 5 years warranty or 130,000 kilometers and 5 years road side assistance. This mirage is a 5 speed manual hatch back, 5 doors, and 5 starter car. It's a front wheel drive with a 3 cylinder 1. AL petrol engine, the rims are steel and tire size is 195/65 ROR and diameter being xx, it is silver in color.The approximate cost of running this vehicle will be $69 per smokes. At current petrol prices it will cost around $51 to fill the tank at 35 liters. Driving to and from work at bout skims per week will cost around $14 in fuel, adding in weekend driving at about skims for Saturday and Sunday it should only cost me $21 a week in fuel. Registration for this vehicle for 12 months will cost about $1200 with green slip being $578, pink slip $35 and registration approximately $530. Comprehensive Insurance will cost $64. 0 per month going through Budget Direct as the insurer. Maintaining this car with a full service every smokes for 12 months will cost $750 if taken to a mechanic but If you know what you're doing when servicing a car you can buy the arts and do the service yourself at a much lower price. The cost of running this car per year will cost $3,816 without any unexpected repairs or failures. My other expenses Include rent being $70 per week, food costing around $50 per week, entertainment $100, savings account $50, and miscellaneous $50.I have learnt that this type of car is relevant for my situation as it is, very affordable, economic and efficient. It comes with the 5 year warranty so if anything went wrong in the first 5 years it's not a cost that I would have to deal with. It has low carbon emissions, which makes it better for the environment and knowing that I have the 5 year road side assistance for the next 5 years gives me piece of mind that I will not be stranded and late for work.This assignment has taught me that shopping around Is an Important factor as you need to consider reliability, affordability and economics not jus t looks. You can find bargains out there and it can take time but if you make the right purchase you will never regret spending your entire savings on a brand new car as I ill have it for a longer period of time and is reasonably cheap to maintain.I did enjoy this assignment as I learnt about budgeting, how to research what car would be right for my Immediate and future needs, efficiency, fuel consumption and carbon the following: cardioids. Com. AU Redbook. Com. AU gummier. Com. AU mutinous. Com. AU arms. News. Gob. AU grisliness's. Com. AU facilitator. Com. AU compartmented. Com. AU Below are pictures of the Mediumistic Mirage I have chosen to purchase.

African American Essay

On October 23rd, 2006, a then 24 year old Dorothy Webb stood outside her Mississippi home. Fearing eviction from her home for non-payment of rent, Dorothy decided to do something drastic to save the only home she had grown to love. She walked to ‘the bottom’ which was almost 9 miles away, in an attempt to make a deal with a local drug dealer to sell crack cocaine and earn a profit. â€Å" I was truly scared because although I’ve been in the midst of the drug game as an outsider, I knew the consequences of selling drugs down south. They put my momma away for 8 years because my brother was selling drugs out of her house and she wasn’t even involved. I knew that if they could do that to her to and she didn’t even do anything, I was in real danger of getting even more time if I got caught. But it was between eating and living or being on the streets, so I made a choice that I could live with. I wanted to live in my house with food in my mouth. † According to Dorothy, she waited for days before she sold the drugs that she obtained from ‘the bottom‘. â€Å" I danced and danced around the idea in my head many days before I made my first sale, but I finally did it and it didn’t feel bad to me. By the end of it all, I had made ten sales, I had food in my mouth, and my rent was paid up so I could stay in my house,† Dorothy admits. Dorothy states that she only made those 10 sales, which was enough for her to pay rent and buy food until she was able to get back on her feet. â€Å"Almost a year after I sold the drugs, I was doin’ real good†¦ real good. I had kept my house and I had a job and a car all in that one year. I just kept workin’ and workin’ till one day, the police came to my house and arrested me for selling drugs to an undercover officer, and I was devastated. I mean, I know it was wrong to do so and against the law. I knew that I would get in trouble, but I never could have imagined that it would be as long as I was told. I mean c’mon! Murderers do less time than drug dealers do so where does that leave me, this one person tryin’ to live? During my sentencing, I cried until no more tears could flow. I was facing 20 years for the 10 sales that I made in the last year. After my sentencing, I ran to Illinois to be with my family until I was caught last week on a technicality† (D, Webb, personal communication, February, 2008). Dorothy Webb remains in a St. Clair county Illinois jail awaiting transport to Mississippi where she will start serving out her sentence. Dorothy’s story is not unlike many other African American men and women whom face years of their lives behind bars for drug trafficking and other related drug charges. Irreversible effects from drug related racial profiling and disparity should be stopped in relation to the African American community by way of rehabilitation for offenders and judicial officials. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cocaine is a white powder substance originating from the coca plant dating as far back as the 11th century. It was used in the early 1800s to treat an assortment of common ailments ranging from hiccups to pneumonia. Presently, cocaine has been deemed very addictive and has been illegal in the United States for over 100 years. Cocaine can be snorted through the nose or used to intravenously. Crack cocaine is a free based substance that is used for smoking. It is produced by combining baking soda and cocaine and is cooked to generate a hard, rock-like material. Because the crack cocaine has been altered, using more baking soda than cocaine, it results in being a cheaper drug that requires less to cause a ‘high’ feeling (Lu, Taylor, & Riley, 2001, p. 399). From a socio-economic standpoint, the black community, consisting of mostly the poor or working class can afford crack, while whites whom generally consist of middle class families, thus financially stable, chose cocaine as a drug of choice. It is relatively clear that many users of crack cocaine consist of mostly individuals from the African American community. Many admit to using and selling the drug, however, evidence shows that white Americans produce an even higher population of illicit drug abusers and those whom traffic drugs as well. Although drug abuse among blacks is easily visual in ‘crack houses’ and even effortless drug sales on street corners, whites are not as flamboyant when it comes to drug use, conversely, middle America is now pressed with an overwhelming methamphetamine dilemma. Nevertheless, many professionals concerned with the sociological aspects of drug solicitation in African American communities across the nation scrutinize the domino effect resulting from wide-spread drug quandary such as child abandonment, school dropout rates, and deteriorating homes. In fact, Kennedy states that â€Å"Law enforcement naturally and logically focuses on those communities where illegal drug use has created the most harmful and most visible effects†¦ More generally, illegal drug use is seen as devastating African-American communities in a way that is not seen outside the inner city. People losing jobs, kids dropping out of school, parents neglecting or abandoning their children–all of these social costs are more readily seen in the inner city than in the more affluent white communities where illegal drug use seems to be relatively benign. Even more to the point, illegal drug use in the inner city is seen as crimogenic–the inner -city user of illegal drugs is thought to be more likely to steal or commit some other crime to finance his drug use† ( 2003, p. 154). The theoretical reasoning behind the abuse of crack cocaine in the black community has been speculated as the end result of a people in dire need, monetarily and emotionally, nonetheless, these outcomes resulting from drug infested communities do not constitute the racial disparity that is currently occurring throughout the nation, however, the issues do cause a need for probable concern . The illicit use and distribution of crack cocaine is steadily ricocheting through the African American community. In fact, according to Angeli, â€Å"The increase in the rates of incarceration of young black males is due primarily to the focus of the ‘war on drugs’ on black drug users. For drug offenses, the African American proportion of arrests increased from 24% in 1980 to 39% in 1993, even though African Americans comprise only 13% of monthly drug users. From 1986 to 1990, the number of minority jail inmates increased more than twice as fast as the number of white inmates, and the increase in the number of arrests of minorities for drug offenses was almost ten times the increase in arrests of white drug offenders† (1997, p. 1213). It is undisputable that this jump in the number of incarceration of blacks was initiated due to the passing of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, congress enabled sentencing commissions to guide the legislature of punishments for crack and cocaine possession offences. Subsequently, the commission ruled that â€Å"At every quantity level federal defendants convicted of a crack cocaine offense receive the same sentences as powder cocaine defendants convicted of an offense involving 100 times as much cocaine (Angeli, 1997, p. 1212). It seems that these laws were put into place to purposely capture blacks in the system given that the Judicial system is aware that all crack possessions are in the hands of blacks by a very larger margin than any other race. This can be corroborated with current percentages contrasted to earlier figures from the1920s before these laws were enacted. Compared to the early 1900s, when African Americans only made up less than 20% of the prison population for illicit possession of alcohol and drugs, while foreign-born whites accounted for over 40%. In 1992, 92. 6% of drug offenders were African American and 4. 7% were white and possessed pure cocaine (Elden, 2005). At present, over 1/3 of the total black male population is wedged in the judicial system involving imprisonment, parole, or probation, thus proving that race seems to be the issue in the current war on drugs. In previous combats in the war on drugs, other races were equally targeted just as contemporary matters of racial disparity. In the early 1920s, foreign born immigrants, whom made up much of the American population then were the predominately incarcerated culprits for drug trafficking and or distribution. Contemporary legislature has made the proper amendments to finally put an end to the racial disparity regarding blacks and crack cocaine sentences. In the later part of 2007, in the case of United States v. Kimbrough, Defendant Derrick Kimbrough was initially convicted and sentenced to 168 to 210 consecutive months for three counts of conspiracy to distribute 50 grams of crack cocaine. This decision was lessened by district courts to a total sentence of 120 months for all three charges and 60 consecutive months for possession of a firearm in connection to his arrest for the drug charges. This one case is a landmark case that will begin with the release of those whom have served a significant amount of time towards less severe charges related to crack cocaine and will lessen the amount of time given to those whom are tried and convicted of illicit drug crimes involving crack cocaine. SUGGESTIONS Although the damage has been done, thus forever disparaging the trust of black people in today’s justice system, things can still be done in an attempt to reverse illegitimate imprisonment of blacks for miniscule drug offenses. The war on drugs should simultaneously preserve our country’s promise to liberty and justice to each individual, equally regardless of race, stature, or background. If in fact the war on drugs is to combat all forms of illicit drug use and or trafficking, subsequently, all drugs should be charged consistently relative to quantity. Not only is the 100 to 1 ratio law unfair but it is also racially charged. It is apparent that the judicial system is aware of this racial activity that is continually produced by the members of government and courts, and have thus began to amend laws. However, regardless of these current revisions, more lenient laws should also be inserted concerning all first time offenders. For quantities less than 20 grams, no time should be served at all and incidents should be regarded as a misdemeanors, requiring community service and or fines. Amounts less than 10 pounds should result in months and not years in jail time as well. Additionally, rehabilitation programs for drug offenders as well as court officials should be created. Just as drug rehabilitation programs for drug abusers aid in job placement programs and drug dependency, drug distributors should also have to attend similar programs that are geared towards the rehabilitation of drug dependency as a way of career. If these offenders could understand the fundamentals behind their professions, it would be probable that they would return to their communities, not as an vandals, but as a productive member of society and their community. It may also be a good idea to implement drug addicts into their program as well, in order to reveal insight into the lives of those whom they have destroyed. If these programs could be implemented and utilized, it is very probable that there would be a significantly less amount of repeat offenders as well. Lastly, many officials believe that many members of law enforcement have very little role in the prosecution of crack cocaine holders. However, law enforcement officials are responsible for obtaining criminals. Racial disparity begins in this area first. As stated earlier, officers logically pursue areas where drugs have the most detrimental effects, however If equal focus would be put upon all races to prohibit the distribution of drugs, eventually, all areas of drug distribution would eventually subdue, principally the methamphetamine business. CONCLUSIONS Although the end results of drug use or distribution are riveted throughout the African American community, either through school dropout rates, child abandonment or neglect, and job loss, the effects of unfair drug sentences are equivalently devastating. More than 1/3 of the black male population have been witness to some form of the judicial prejudice through incarceration, parole, or probation, and the number is steadily increasing each year. It is more than probable that race is the intended target for these drug wars that are presently occurring, whilst this has happened previously in an earlier time. During the early 1920s, foreign-born immigrants were the targets during the first war against drugs in the United States, while African American men made up less than 20% of the total incarcerated population. At this time, the judicial system has commenced realization of these racially charged attacks on the African American community, thus lessening the sentencing of crack cocaine offenders. This was proved in a recent landmark case, The United States v. Kimbrough. In this case, Derrick Kimbrough’s lengthy 168 to 210 consecutive month sentence was cut down to a little more than half at 120 consecutive months. Although the court system has made this advancement in this area, further innovations must also be met as well. Progression within drug distribution rehabilitation programs should also be implemented. For instance, former drug distributors should be enrolled in some of the same programs that drug abusers undergo. These offenders should be allowed to hear the testimonies of the many lives that they have destroyed due to drug distribution and dependency as a profession. Additionally, programs should be executed, allowing each offender job placement and job training so that their likelihood of returning to that lifestyle will be greatly reduced. Members of the courts should also be counseled as well to allow insight into the lives of the people that they convict, therefore, sentencing will be fair and relevant to each case, instead of an overall depiction of that type of society. Members of law enforcement should also take rehabilitation classes that will allow them to equally focus on all areas of society that is ridden with drugs instead of primary focus on the black community. If these measures were considered and utilized, United States would be on its way to a less racially prejudiced society.